Social Studies, 16.02.2021 01:00 kenzielema12

Among such retractions, does misconduct (fraud, duplication, plagiarism) appear to be a major factor? A. No, misconduct does not appear to be a major factor because the majority of retractions were due to misconduct. B. Yes, misconduct appears to be a major factor because the majority of retractions were due to misconduct. C. Yes, misconduct appears to be a major factor because the majority of retractions were not due to misconduct. D. No, misconduct does not appear to be a major factor because the majority of retractions were not due to misconduct.

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Answer from: AM28

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

It seems that your question is incomplete. There is more information needed to know what are the "retractions" referred to in the question.

However, trying to be of help, we did some research and can comment on the following.

The correct answer is B) Yes, misconduct appears to be a major factor because the majority of retractions were due to misconduct.

So, among such retractions, misconduct (fraud, duplication, plagiarism) appeared to be a major factor.

We can support our answer with the following comments.

There is a study of retractions in biomedical journals conducted by Fang, Steen, and Casadevall. This study was known as "Misconduct Accounts for the Majority of Retracted Scientific Publications." After the study, they concluded that 436 retractions were due to error, 201 were due to plagiarism, 888 were due to fraud, 29 were duplications of publications, and 287 had other different causes.

That is why misconduct appears to be a major factor because the majority of retractions were due to misconduct.

Answer from: Quest

can you explain it better

Answer from: Quest

Aunitary state is a form of state where power is concentrated and there is a single center of power that extends its actions throughout the territory of the respective state. this, through its agents and local authorities, delegates of that same central power, and in its majority; it can count on a single legislating apparatus; except for certain exceptions, which legislate for the entire country; a judicial power, which applies the current law to the entire territory of the state and within which a supreme court of justice is established, which has jurisdiction at the national level; a single executive power, that is conformed by all the governors (president, governors, mayors, etc.); and a single political constitution, which governs all the territory and to which all the authorities and inhabitants of the state are subject.a confederation (from the latin: confœderatĭo) consists of the union of states that retain their sovereignty and are governed by certain common laws. initially there was talk of "confederation" in the case of alliances, for this reason the word "confederation" is still used in non-governmental civil society institutions. for this reason, the term confederation is also used to describe any type of organization that combines the authority derived from other semi-autonomous entities. in this case, sports confederations can be cited as some examples. however, the word confederation takes much more relevance when it comes to some permanent alliance of states or some association or association of states.characteristics of a federal government system

a) written constitution. also known as magna carta and a necessity of the democracies that form federations to regulate the principles by which the government will be governed, because if they had to act without a body of specific laws would produce confrontations.

b) territorial division. federalism is constituted by the division of powers on the geographical basis of each territory.

c) decentralization. in a federal system there is both a central government and units of government lower than the central one, each making decisions regarding the provision of certain public services in their respective geographical jurisdictions.

d) supreme court of justice. to counteract the rigidity of the written constitution, judicial action is required to interpret said constitution and necessary changes can be made.