African Americans were excluded from political participation. Why was this so damaging to African Americans? What were white voters trying to prevent?

"i know there may have been concerns that it may be too vague or too costly, or may lead endlessly to litigation. but i want to reassure you right now that my administration and the united states congress have carefully crafted this act. we've all been determined to ensure that it gives flexibility, particularly in terms of the timetable of implementation, and we've been committed to containing the costs that may be incurred. let the shameful wall of exclusion finally come tumbling down." president george h. w. bush, july 26, 1990 the act president bush speaks of was enacted to guarantee equal rights to people of all races. people of all sexes. eliminate people who are homeless. people with disabilities.

This cartoon appeared in 1916. the topic of the cartoon isa)the reason for the start of world war i. b)the success of us submarines in world war i. c)the military alliance between germany and mexico. d)the attitude in the us towards submarine warfare in world 

What are the major political parties? how do they affect elections? will give brainliest