Briefly explain HDI and tell when it is Started?

Human Development Index

Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq created HDI in 1990.

It was further used to measure the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Every year UNDP ranks countries based on the HDI report released in their annual report.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada