You are a manager in a medical devices manufacturing company. A colleague indicates that while there would be marketing benefits to underreporting the device malfunction rate, he indicates that he would not recommend it because the penalties are too severe if he were caught. According to Kohlberg’s research on Stages of Moral Development, at what level of moral reasoning is your colleague operating?

According to Kohlberg's research, your colleague is operating at the pre-conventional morality level.

Explanation:

Notice that your colleague's reason for not underreporting the malfunction is to avoid punishment. This is typical of the very first stage of moral reasoning, the pre-conventional level. At this stage, the individual perceives goodness as a way to avoid being punished. Your colleague did not worry about "the right thing to be done" or that "the malfunction might harm others." His reasoning was basic and, in a sense, quite selfish.

she recieved a treatment not thought to be specifically effective in treating her disorder.

male citizens in athens could vote on all the decisions that affected the city and serve on juries. however, democracy was not open to everyone. citizen women and children were not allowed to vote. slaves and foreigners living in athens (known as metics) were banned from participating in government.