Betty endured abuse throughout most of her 30+ years of marriage. During that time, she became less resistive to the attacks and more submissive. A term Lenore Walker used to describe this state is:

Learned helplessness.

Explanation:

Learned helplessness happens when a person faces a negative, unmanageable circumstance on an ongoing basis and avoids attempting to improve their contexts even though they are able to do so. Learned helplessness usually described as a loss of self-esteem, reduced motivation and commitment, incompetent determination, and disappointment. It is more common among individuals who have endured frequent tragic experiences such as abuse experienced in childhood or interpersonal violence.

thomas jefferson. establishing a federal republic. although thomas jefferson was in france serving as united states minister when the federal constitution was written in 1787, he was able to influence the development of the federal government through his correspondence.