In 2003, American and British leaders justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis but as an act of liberation and of self-defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction. Social psychologists would consider this an example of aggression.

Instrumental

Explanation:

Instrumental conditioning is also called the operant conditioning in social psychology. This is the learning process that has been described by B.F Skinner.

The reinforcement has been used as a reward or punishment in the learning process. It can be an increase or decrease through instrumental conditioning.

There are fewer chances that the behavior will occur again in the future. Instrumental aggression is planned. This type of aggression is also used to harm another, but it occurs in the form of aggression.

even though you have attached neither the chart nor the generalizations, i have located them online. the right answer is d, since they are asking you about a generalization. you can only infer from the chart that between 2008 and 2009 the number of employed workers decreased significantly (from over 115 millions to 107 millions approximately), which signals some type of economic crisis.  

answer; marvin gaye;