Tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic status and the high levels of mistrust, negativism and defiance found in impoverished areas, describes which causal explanation of drug use?
a) Social learning.
b) Psychological view.
c) Subcultural view.
d) Problem behavior syndrome.

c) Subcultural view.

Explanation:

In sociology and psychology, the subcultural theorists say that deviance from the norm is the result of subgroups who set apart from the norm and who have deviant values, thus, drug use can emerge from the relation between these subcultures (based on race, status, negativism from impoverished areas) and the identity the person develops ("I belong to this culture, and people from this culture uses drugs").

Thus, tying drug use to factors such as racial prejudice, low self-esteem, poor socioeconomic status and the high levels of mistrust, negativism and defiance found in impoverished areas (subcultures) describes the subcultural view of drug use.

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explanation:

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.