In your department, employee performance is rated using a continuous scale range of unsatisfactory through average to outstanding. Some other departments use a discrete system in which the supervisor assigns "fails to meet standards," "meets standards," and "exceeds standards." Both systems being used are:

Mankiw attributes – chapter 1 and his 10 principles – differences in living standards within a countryover time and across countries at a moment in time to: a. the presence or absence of inflation and unemployment. b. the allocation of resources between private markets and the public sector. c. those that have dealt successfully with the efficiency v. equality tradeoff and those that haven’t. d. differences in productivity. e. ones that think at the margin and respond to incentives and those that don’t.