According to Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, members of gangs are described as double failures because they have not been successful in the legitimate world and have been equally unsuccessful in the illegitimate worlds of organized criminal activity and violence-oriented gangs.

Retreatist.

Explanation:

Naturally, the term retreatism is said to belongs to a larger classification model used to distinguish how individuals adapt to cultural norms and values.

That is why Richard and Lloyd are argued to attach to crimes which occurs when there aren’t enough legitimate opportunities for people to achieve the normal success goals of a society. In such a situation there is a ‘strain’ between the goals and the means to achieve those goals, and some people turn to crime in order to achieve success.

answer; /// (a) and (b) ; /// but i believe the correct answer is ; /apart from fines and jail time, driving under the influence puts the life of the driver and everyone else on the road at risk; (b)