Anwar believes that achieving a 4.0 GPA is necessary if he wishes to realize his long-time dream of enrolling in medical school. He also believes that he is entirely capable of obtaining a perfect GPA if he devotes sufficient time to his schoolwork. In Rotter's terms, this example illustrates a "" situation.

High Reinforcement value;high expectancy

Explanation:

In rotter's term, high reinforcement value refers to a reinforcement that occurs  where the outcome of a certain situation is highly desirable.

Expectancy determined our belief on whether we could obtain that desirable outcome or not. People High expectancy tend to believe that they got what it takes to obtain that desirable outcome while people with low expectancy tend to be more pessimistic.

In the excerpt above, this part of the excerpt reveal that the situation has high reinforcement value:

he wishes to realize his long-time dream of enrolling in medical school

and this part of excerpt reveal that he has high expectancy for his own ability:

He also believes that he is entirely capable of obtaining a perfect GPA if he devotes sufficient time to his schoolwork.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

since learning about his learning patterns, logan has become very aware of the thoughts and feelings he experiences as he listens to the “internal chatter” of his patterns.