A study by Bahrick discussed in the text compared recognition and recall measures of retention over a 50-year period for a foreign language learned in high school. Throughout this period, performance was better on the test, but with both tests performance after the first 3 years:

recognition; stabilized                    

Explanation:

Recognition: In psychology, the term "recognition" is described as one of the forms of remembering that is being characterized by an individual's feelings of similarity when he or she has experienced something formerly is being encountered again and in those scenarios, a particular response can be identified when he or she is presented with it yet it might not be reproduced without such stimulus.

In the question above, the correct answer is recognition test.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.