"The Constitution instructs all who act for the government that they may not ‘deny to any person . . . the equal protection of the laws.’ In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated."
Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, dissenting opinion in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)

Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with?

Colleges and universities should be forbidden from taking race into consideration

Colleges and universities should be allowed to use race as a factor in admissions

Affirmative action policies are an example of reverse racism and violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

While some forms of affirmative action are constitutional, using quota systems based on race is not