Restraining orders are:
a) used when judges order potentially violent defendants to be shackled in the courtroom.
b) often called gag orders.
c) presumptively constitutional and at the absolute discretion of the presiding judge.
d) presumptively unconstitutional prior restraints on speech.

A

Explanation:

restraining order are used when judges order potentially violent defendants to be shackled in the courtroom.

the united states constitution is the supreme law of the united states. the constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral congress; the executive, consisting of the president; and the judicial, consisting of the supreme court and other federal courts. articles four, five and six embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. article seven establishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen states to ratify it. it is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force.