Addressing public policies are an important job of citizen and members of government in any society. What are the three stages of defining and solving a public policy issue?

The three stages of Public policies are

Explanation:

Howlett and Ramesh’s model identifies five stages: agenda setting, policy

formulation, adoption (or decision making), implementation and evaluation. Let us briefly examine each of these stages.

AGENDA SETTING

This stage refers to the process through which a policy and the problem it is intended to address are acknowledged to be of public interest. Some

authors differentiate among several types of agendas, including discussion agendas and decision agendas.

POLICY FORMULATION

At this stage, the public administration concerned examines the various policy options it considers to be possible solutions. It should be noted that

coalitions of actors strive, through the use of advocacy strategies, to gain priority for one specific interpretation of both the problem and its solution. It

is at this stage that power relationships crystallize, determining the direction a policy will take.

ADOPTION

Adoption is the stage during which decisions are made at the governmental level, resulting in a decision that favours one or more approaches to addressing a given problem.

IMPLEMENTATION

At this stage, the policy’s implementation parameters are established, which can directly affect the eventual outcome of the policy. Several factors combine to determine the actual effects of a policy and how well it achieves its objectives. Factors noted by Sabatier and Mazmanian include:

EVALUATION

This is the stage during which a policy is evaluated, to verify whether its implementation and its effects are aligned with the objectives that were explicitly or implicitly set out. This evaluation can be carried out by the government apparatus, by consultants or by civil society (Howlett & Ramesh, 2003).

(1). Agenda setting,

(2). Policy Formulation and

(3). Policy Adoption and Policy implementation.

Explanation:

There are many problems or issues to be solved so when the leaders or government of a particular state or country decides to set up policies to tackle or counter the effect of this problems we say that they are making Public policies. There are process at which Public policies undergo and they are; (1). Agenda setting(the issue is said to be an important issue to be solved), (2). Policy Formulation (solutions are being proposed in this stage) and (3). Policy Adoption and Policy Implementation.

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a) which ethnic groups live in this community?

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