In Singapore, littering fines are strictly enforced. This is an example of a policy that a. relies on the Coase Theorem. b. discriminates against foreigners. c. relies on moral codes to reduce the pollution externality. d. relies on incentives to reduce the pollution externality.

Option D        

Explanation:

In simple words, externality refers to the situation when an unrelated third party suffers certain consequences, whether positive or negative, due to any acts or decision of some other individual party or parties.

Thus, enforcing legal fines on littering will result into more clean roads and cities reducing population which will further result in less diseases and harm to the people living in the society. Thus, individuals will suffer less due to actions of others, that is, no negative externality.

d. relies on incentives to reduce the pollution externality.

Explanation:

Negative Externality is negative side effect on third party , without any compensation for the same. Pollution is a negative externality , as it has extra social cost (negative impact) on society.

Coase Theorum is internalising of externality cost , by bargaining between two parties. Moral codes to reduce pollution externality include creating social awareness & consciousness. Foreign Discrimination is completely unrelated. So, all these points are completely inapt.  

Singapore's case of imposing fine on littering : signifies incentive approach to reduce pollution externality. Such because : not littering creates a  self monetary incentive for the person - of saving the fine amount, which he / she could have lost if he / she could have littered.

new communications technology has affected the way social movements are organized because nowadays, social movements rely on social networks and the media to get different people with a similar way of thinking in contact, and thus, get them to mobilize for a greater cause.

individuals only participate in collective action when they feel identified with it. is in this aspect that social media becomes relevant, because it guarantees communication among all individuals and organizes the social actions that are going to be carried out, i.e., the social movements.

in addition, being covered by the media is important to validate the message and make it relevant in the social agenda, as well as to reach more people who can share interests, appealing to public sympathy for their cause.

in conclusion, it is by social networks and social media that social movement is given birth; by connecting different individuals with similar ideas and organizing them to mobilize for a greater cause.

answer; bill of rights;