is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus, whereas is a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

ANSWER: HABITUATION; EXTINCTION

EXPLANATION: HABITUATION refers to the reduction or decrease in the strength/intensity of a response after reoccurring presentation of a stimulus which elicits a behavioral response. However, constant exposure leads to a decrease in response arousal and this technique had been used in therapy for extinguishing fears in individuals.

HABITUATION is regarded as the simplest form of learning in the school of behavioral psychology.

EXTINCTION refers to the behavioral phenomenon of gradual decrease or weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavioral fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time. In other words, it is described as the fading and complete disappearance of previously learned behavior elicited by association with another event.

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)