Offenders at Levelof the "wedding cake" model of criminal justice have typically committed a serious offense and will receive a prison term; however, they will not garner much media attention. a. IV. b. I. c. II. d. III.

The options

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. IV

THE CORRECT ANSWER IS D.

D. IV

Explanation:

The wedding cake model theory of criminal justice was developed by Samuel Walker and provides an overview of how different types of cases move through the legal system. The top layers of the cake represent the small number of cases that receive the most attention from within the courts and from outside sources, such as the media. Wide layers at the bottom of the cake represent the bulk of cases — misdemeanors — that move through the system quickly and with little fanfare.

Layer I: Celebrated Cases❌

The top layer of the wedding cake model theory of criminal justice includes the celebrated cases. These types of cases garner a great deal of media attention because the crimes are unusual or because the defendants are celebrities or high-ranking officials. The manner in which these types of cases are undertaken is not typical of the operation of the criminal justice system. Because they are such high-profile cases, there are factors that need to be taken into consideration that do not exist in more typical criminal cases. These include everything from cameras in the courtroom to crowd control. By their very nature, examples of celebrated cases are obvious: OJ Simpson, Michael Jackson, Bernie Madoff and so forth.

Layer II: Serious Felonies✔✔✔

The second layer of the wedding cake model includes serious felonies. On this layer of the cake, the criminal justice system engages in its standard operating procedure. There are not the same external factors impacting the system as there are in celebrated cases. Serious felonies are cases involving those types of crimes in which a defendant is not likely to be released on bail. There is a lesser chance that the defendant will enter into a plea agreement before trial.

Layer III: Lesser Felonies❌

On the third layer of the wedding cake model theory of criminal justice are lesser felonies. These types of cases tend to be non-violent. Within this grouping are certain drug-related charges, financial crimes and the like. A good portion of these cases end in plea agreements.

Layer IV: Misdemeanors❌

The final layer of the wedding cake model includes misdemeanor cases. These are the least-serious types of crimes in the criminal justice system, excluding traffic infractions. These types of cases include petty or minor theft and disturbing the peace. Misdemeanors represent the largest category of cases in the criminal justice system. Many misdemeanor cases are resolved with plea agreements.

Significance of the Wedding Cake Model

The wedding cake model theory of criminal justice assists in better understanding the operation of the criminal justice system. How these cases fit into the overall justice system leads to a clearer understanding of the mechanics of the judiciary. Moreover, by making distinctions between different types of cases – particularly between celebrated cases and other types of criminal proceedings – an observer better understands the differences between the norm and the exceptions in the criminal justice system.

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

explanation:

the old way of life was represented by superstition, an angry god, and absolute submission to authority. the thinkers of the age of reason ushered in a new way of thinking. this new way championed the accomplishments of humankind. individuals did not have to accept despair. science and reason could bring happiness and progress. kings did not rule by divine right. they had an obligation to their subjects. europeans pondered the implications for nearly a century. americans put them into practice first.