Justin is teaching his dog, Tiara, to jump on command. He gives her a treat when she jumps on command only when the treats are with him. When the treats are not in his reach, he does not give her a treat. In this context, Justin is using

New communication technologies, improved transportation, and advanced military weapons made it possible for countries to speed up acquiring territory. rule large amounts of territory. fight off competition from opposing nations. expand their economies, which aided in conguest.

Samantha is looking for a boyfriend. based on the gender differences explained in this activity, which is she likely to prefer?

Donald was arrested for murdering an acquaintance. at the trial, donald takes the stand and testifies that he and the victim knew each other. he admits that they would drink and use drugs together. one night while partying, donald explains in his testimony, an argument got out of hand during a card game. donald explains that the victim accused him of cheating and pulled out a knife on him and started swinging it in the air. donald said that he had no choice but to pull out his gun and shoot the victim. the jury convicted donald of manslaughter. who would argue that donald weighed the potential costs and benefits of shooting the victim and decided to pull the trigger as a result of free will? a. a rational choice theorist b. a critical criminologist c. a conflict theorist d. a positivist