If Ann so wishes, then Bill will be the president. Manuel is a public defender or Bill will be the president. Manuel is not a public defender. Therefore, Ann does not so wish.

invalid

Explanation:

Manuel is not a public defender and Bill is not the president so Ann wish is invalid.

Question: Determine whether the argument is valid or invalid

This argument is an invalid argument.

An invalid argument can be said to be an argument whereby the conclusions drawn are not from the basis of the argument.

The conclusion " Therefore, Ann does not so wish." Does not correlate with the premises.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

recent improvements in technology/telecommunication/internet have increased the pace of globalization.

explanation:

recent improvements in technology have enhanced the pace of globalization. it is not difficult to recognize that technology has created the human race one big issue. there are several aspects to technology but they all serve to meet us the further. i can beat and be friends with a fellow, thousands of miles away. technology has also bridged the knowledge gap and has presented for the ready transfer of ideas and values.