Recently, the Mozart effect was studied by Jones and Estell by dividing high school participants into two groups. The first group listened to Mozart’s music and the second group did not. Both groups completed a series of spatial problems tasks. Results showed that the group of participants who listened to Mozart’s music had higher scores on the spatial problems tasks. In this example, what is the dependent variable?

Which amendment applies to this scenario? the accused has the right to bring his or her own witnesses to testify on his/her behalf?

Afull irb committee meeting is convened and one agenda item is a new research proposal to evaluate how mothers interact with their learning-disabled child. the inclusion criteria require the children to be a minimum of five years of age. the protocol requires the mother of the child to look at the child without any expression and not to talk to the child for three minutes. the committee determined that the mother's required task may upset the child. the irb approved the study with appropriate language in the parental permission form regarding the possibility that children might become upset. after the start of the study, the principal investigator reports to the irb that, as expected, one of the children became upset. the incident was handled according to the protocol and the child is fine. what should the irb do with regard to this report?

What do these fatwas indicate with regard to the balance between practical legal reasoning and religious dictates answers?