P&G introduced its Duncan Hines ready-to-spread frosting in a small geographic area. When General Mills became aware of the product, it rushed to market its own Betty Crocker ready-to-spread frosting, which eclipsed the Duncan Hines product introduction. General Foods was able to enter the stage of the new product development process before P&G could.

commercialization

Explanation:

Commercialization is process in which new products introduce in market. So in this it is commercialization stage  in which firms introduce new product in market to earn more profit. Firstly, its introduce by one firm to capture market profit, than its competitor also introduce such things with little variation to share the profit.

the correct answer is the following is a list of inventions made in the medieval islamic world, especially during the "islamic golden age" (8th to 13th centuries),[1][2] as well as the late medieval period, especially in the emirate of granada and the ottoman empire.

science and technology in the islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including persia, india, china, and greece-roman antiquity, while making a number of improvements and innovations.

answer; decreased;