Dr. Schaffer is interested in studying the link between social activities and grades in school. Students are all required to complete survey forms related to this research. If a survey form is not completed by the end of the semester, a student's grade is reduced by 10 points, but the students were not told of this contingency. In this case, it could be argued that Dr. Schaffer's research violates the ethical principle of .

Informed Consent

Explanation: The principle of Informed Consent stipulates that the participants of a research or study should be provided with enough information about the resarch so that they can make well informed decisios to take part in it.

Participants should be made to understand the potential risks and benefits of participation and should be allowed to take part willinging without force or coercion.

It should be argued that Dr. Schaeffer's research violates this ethical principle of research by not informing the students about the contignecy and intending risk (subtraction of 10 points) involved in his research.

answer; when circuit courts do not agree on a decision in similar fact pattern;