Which researcher found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often join delinquent subcultures that reject middle-class values and replace them with norms that celebrate defiance?

The correct answer is Emile Durkheim

Durkheim determines the social fact as the central object of investigation in this new scientific field. The social fact is understood as a “thing” that exerts a force of coercion on the subjects, regardless of their individual will or action. The social fact imposes itself in the direction of society for the individual and is established in a way to homogenize and standardize particular behaviors, ensuring that they are collective. Purposely, Durkheim calls the social fact a “thing” to emphasize that it is an object in the scientific sense, that is, something that can be observed, defined and explained by the social scientist.

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