Criminologist studied differential treatment given to white upper-class boys and white lower-class boys in his classic 1973 study entitled, the saints and roughnecks.

by using  production possibilities graph.  opportunity costs are key expenses in financial matters and are utilized as a part of registering money saving advantage investigation of a venture. such expenses, be that as it may, are not recorded in the record books but rather are perceived in basic leadership by processing the money costs and their subsequent benefit or misfortune.