By himself, Isaac can begin to solve a mathematical problem, but he cannot complete it unless a friend helps him. According to Vygotsky, the difference between what Isaac can do by himself and what he can do with his friend's help represents the zone of .

Ed participated in a psychology experiment in which he turned pegs on a board for one hour. although the task was very boring, the experimenter said, "i will pay you $1 if you tell the next participant that this experiment is the most exciting experiment that you have ever been in." julie also participated in the same experiment; however, the experimenter offered to pay her $50 to lie to the next participant. according to cognitive dissonance theory, ed will later report that experiment was and julie will report that it was a. boring; exciting b. exciting; boring c. exciting; exciting d. boring; boring