Youths who engage in delinquency, and get caught and are subsequently labeled, are referred to as pure deviants, whereas youths who continually break rules and avoid labeling are referred to as secret deviants. What models of labeling would best fit these two descriptions?

c. Pure deviants, secret deviants

Explanation:

By using the labeling theory for deviant behavior, there are four categories:

Falsely accused are those labeled as deviant, but who haven't participated in said kind of behavior, and are therefore falsely labeled.

Conforming are those who have engaged in obedient behavior and are not perceived as deviant.

The examples mentioned in the question do not fit with these two labels, and the most fitting models are:

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.

you would times this by how many days there are in a year 365*400=$146000