In the famous experiment by Ivan Pavlov, a bell was rung while dogs were being fed meat powder. Pavlov observed that the dogs would begin to salivate when the bell was rung again, even when no food was given to the dogs. The dogs' salivation in response to the meat powder is the:

Classical conditioning

Explanation:

By teaching dogs to associate the sound of a bell with being fed, Pavlov established the principles of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events. Classical conditioning is a form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus, in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response. The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning, it elicits the conditioned response.

answer; self-efficacy;