Top-down planning that emphasizes formal strategy formulation and leaves the implementation issues to lower management levels is known as:.
a) forecast-based planning.
b) externally oriented planning.
c) strategic management.
d) basic financial planning.
e) None of these

B. externally-oriented planning

Explanation:

HarvardBusinessReview

Externally oriented planning is the third out of four discrete phases of the planning process, according to Gluck, Kaufman and Walleck’s

Read more: Externally oriented planning is one of the discrete phases of the planning process as described by Gluck, Kaufman and Walleck. It is a process used to search for untapped or emerging market opportunities while attempting to understand basic marketplace phenomena where in organizations begin to search for new ways to define and satisfy customer needs. It emphasizes on formal strategy formulation which include strategic thinking, understanding market elements that can be affected by rapid change drivers etc. with focus on consumers, competitors and suppliers. Here, lower level staff members may make decisions when financial and forecast based planning phases are ongoing.

absolute poverty the condition of having too little income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

achieved status a social position (status) obtained through an individual's own talents and efforts.

affirmative action the requirement that employers make special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

aggregate a collection of unrelated people who do not know one another but who may occupy a common space--for example, a crowd of people crossing a city street.

agrarian societies societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

alienation the separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

amalgamation the biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

anomalies in science observations or problems that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing paradigm.

anomie a breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a society. a condition of relative normlessness.

anomie theory the theory suggesting that deviance and crime occur when there is an acute gap between cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to achieve those goals.

anticipatory socialization the process of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role one expects to occupy in the future.

apartheid the recent policy of racial separation in south africa enforced by leg

explanation:

the boundarys like convergent divergent and transform it causes subduction