While trying to learn what a "dog" is, arash mentally compares every animal to his family's new puppy. if the animal is similar enough, he decides that it is also a dog. arash's puppy serves as a for the concept of "dog."

Arash's puppy serves as a prototype for the concept of "dog".

Explanation:

A prototype is a model for something, a primary one from which future things are based on.

In this case, Arash's puppy serves as a prototype since Arash is looking for similarities between it and other dogs and only when he decides that they are similar enough does he decide the others are also dogs.

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.

you should think about the answers you give and expect the same form your questions.