Marcello believes that learning is achieved through the conditioning and extinction of specific stimulus-response pairs. ming-li believes that learning is achieved through the testing of rules or hypotheses.
both marcello and ming-li are describing their for learning.

a. logical positivism structures
b. duhem-quine principles
c. frameworks
d. paradigms

D. paradigms                              

Explanation:

Paradigms: The term paradigm is defined as the phenomenon that consists of perspective, standards, and set of ideas. This defines a process through which a person looks at something and it encompasses a lot of things including scientific, academic, and business world.

In other words, it consists of basic ways of thinking, assumptions, and methods of a particular study that can generally be accepted by different members of a specific group.

In the question above, Marcello and Ming-Li are describing their paradigms for learning.

answer; bonds; i believe this is the correct answer good luck

earlier philosophers whose work influenced the enlightenment included bacon, descartes, locke, and spinoza. the major figures of the enlightenment included beccaria, diderot, hume, kant, montesquieu, rousseau, adam smith, and voltaire. it spread the ideas of the enlightenment across europe and beyond.