Astate a citizen was arrested by a police officer in state a. the state a citizen filed a civil action against the police officer in a state a state court. the complaint alleges that the police officer wrongly beat the citizen in the course of the arrest and seeks money damages under both state tort law and under 42 u. s.c. section 1983 for violation of the citizen’s civil rights. the police officer, who is also a citizen of state a, promptly filed a notice of removal to federal court. is the case properly removable?

It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. in fact, however, simply talking to other people—that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills—suffices. evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills. which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited? (a) as people grow older, they are often advised to keep exercising their physical and mental capacities in order to maintain or improve them. (b) many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation. (c) many people are proficient both in social interactions and in solving mathematical problems. (d) the study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior studies. (e) the tasks evaluating mental sharpness for which data were compiled by the study were more akin to mathematics problems than to conversation.