According to one careful study, the underground economy accounted for an average of gross national income in industrially developed economies and much more in underdeveloped ones.

Neighborhood and community characteristics: the social ecology approach emphasizes the view that certain social and physical characteristics of neighborhoods and communities influence the likelihood of committing deviance and crime. imagine that you are in a position as a community leader. there are several neighborhoods in your community with: high poverty rates low quality housing single parent households which issue would you address first, and what strategies would you propose to address this issue?