In tolman's system, intervening variables were a. independent variables b. observable c. as useful as the notion of consciousness d. the determinants of behavior e. dependent variables

The correct answer is letter D.

Tolman's theorizing has been called purposive behaviorism and is often considered the bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theory. According to Tolman's theory of symbol learning, an organism learns by dedicating or assigning signs to a goal, that is, learning is acquired through meaningful behavior. Tolman emphasized the organized aspect of learning: "The stimuli that are recognized are not connected by simple one-to-one changes to the output responses. Instead, the new impulses are usually worked out and elaborated at a central control location in an attempt It is this attempt, indicating routes and paths and environmental relationships, that ultimately determines the responses, if any, that the animal will finally realize."