In expectancy theory, valence is

a. the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
b. the value that expected outcomes hold for the person contemplating them.
c. any consequence resulting from performance.
d. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
e. indirectly correlated with motivation.

D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.    

Explanation:

Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.

The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.

Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.

Hence the correct option is (D).

answer; the automatic system because it is a "gut reactor"  

answer; motor cortex;