James is in court facing drug-related charges and his therapist was subpoenaed to testify in court regarding any
discriminating evidence concerning the case. his therapist came to court but refused to answer questions regarding
the case or produce james's records. the therapist used the following legal concept to protect himself from forced
disclosure:
a. confidentiality.
b. privileged communication.
c. client privacy.
d. taking the 5th amendment.

The therapist used the 'privileged communication' legal concept to protect himself from forced  disclosure.

Option B

Explanation:

The interactions between two parties where the laws recognize a private and protected relationship is known as Privileged communication . The communicated matter between the parties remains totally encrypted and the law cannot force to reveal.

Although there are exceptions where disproving a privileged communication and various incidents take place under which it can be renounced either knowingly or unintentionally. Commonly examples are like between doctor or therapist and patient, attorney and client, priest and parishioner etc.

answer; (d) none of the above;

muslims have taken his goods and products to different parts of asia an indonesia. sometimes just traveled and trade, but in other occasions, stayed in the place and made a living.

trade was the key for muslims economies to prosper. their commerce routes reached far places like malaysia and java in the 11th century.

another important factor for prosperity was that muslim states served as the middle point for european traders.

they used to travel by land but sailing the seas -the indian ocean- really increase the exportation of products.