What term describes policies or procedures that are intended to promote equal opportunity for categories of people deemed to have been previously excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity?

The answer is: affirmative action.

Affirmative action is the practice of giving increased opportunities to individuals that belong to previously discriminated groups. The term was first mentioned in "Executive Order No. 10925", issued in the United States and signed by President John F. Kennedy.

The aims of this policy are:

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