1. cross-cultural research has found that people who live in cultures typically view their personalities as being relatively stable and assume that the environment is changeable.
2. in contrast, people from cultures tend to view the environment as fixed and believe that their personalities are alterable.

individualistic; collectivistic.

Explanation:

In the field of intercultural theory, there's a differentiation between individualist cultures and collectivist cultures. In the former, people identify themselves first and foremost as individuals, who exist independently of their social group or their society. In the latter, people identify themselves as part of the collective, in a situation of interdependence with others. Generally speaking, individualists see themselves as being in charge of their own self, and they understand their personalities as being relatively stable, and that the environment is changeable, usually through the action of individuals who change it to better fit themselves. On the other hand, collectivists tend to understand their personalities as being alterable and the environment as fixed, and any change must come from individuals altering themselves in order to fit within the environment.

Researchers generally associate individualist cultures with Western countries, such as the US, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Collectivist cultures are associated with other peoples, such as Latin Americans, Eastern Europeans, and Asians.

answer; negative punishment;

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