In contrast to behaviorism, more recent learning theory emphasizes the role of cognition. rescorla and wagner showed that when the unconditioned stimulus is surprising and the conditioned stimulus comes – it, the animal makes the connection between the stimuli especially easily: the conditioned stimulus an animal – the unconditioned one.

before ;  predict            

Explanation:

The answer are ---

'before' and 'predict'

        Behaviorism is the theroy of understanding the nature and behavior of a human being or an animal that is expressed in terms of conditioning or the reflexes by some stimuli.

       But on the contrary, a recent study by Allan Wagner and Robert Rescorla suggest that learning is associated between the conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. It lays emphasize on the cognition. Cognitive process is involved in the operant conditioning. Thus the conditioned stimulus helps any animal to predict the unconditioned stimulus easily.

Hence the answer is ---

before ;  predict

explanation:

may i ask what challenges?

answer; the federal reserve system;