Mr. louise, a psychologist, is interested in the effect of physical attractiveness on ratings of punishment assigned to a driver in an automobile accident. participants read an account of the accident and received a written description of a physically attractive or unattractive defendant. the manipulation of attractiveness would be an example of a manipulation.

Straightforward

Explanation:

Straightforward manipulation makes reference to the manipulation that takes place by presenting written, verbal, or visual material to the participants to try to manipulate them.

In this case, the participants received a WRITTEN description of the attractiveness of the defendant. Since they were presented with written material on the topic, this would be straightforward manipulation.

a: social security and social programs

answer; i believe the correct answer is (a) the correlation between the cause variable and outcome variable is zero;