The presidency is an
a. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president to control national policy under virtually all circumstances.
b. inherently weak office, in that presidents have almost no capacity to influence the major directions of national policy.
c. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed.
d. office where power depends almost entirely on its occupant; strong leaders are always successful presidents, and weak ones never succeed.
e. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances.

C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed.

Explanation:

Presidency refers to the office of the president of a state where he sits with all the members in the government such as the chief of staff and advisers because eventhough the president tittle is held by one person but they can not lead the whole state alone and the political elected member who work with them makes up the whole presidency.

Presidency can also refer to national unions or world unions like the presidency of the African Union or European Union

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

1. artillery

2. jose san martin

3.their economies remained dependent on outside powers.

4. drafted new economies

5. democracies have replaced dictatorships