Structural hole(s)a. the lack of ties between factory workers and senior management in a manufacturing plantb. the lack of ties between sellers at a farmers market and individual buyersc. the lack of ties between neighborhood parents and the teachers at their children’s schoold. the lack of ties between neighbors in a newly settled area

a. the lack of ties between factory workers and senior management in a manufacturing plant

Explanation:

Structural Holes is a concept created by Ronald Burt to refer to the lack of direct contact between two entities. That is, it is used in sociology to designate a situation in which two individuals, entities, or organizations are so opposed to each other that a gap is created in their direct communication process, although these individuals have something in common.

Accordingly, we can conclude that among the options given, the one that best represents a Structural Hole is the letter A.

for many centuries there were important factors which the economies of the muslim empires developed increasingly. they applied economic procedures in production, investment, finance, taxation and property. they used to tax certain goods (for example: harvest), they charged interest on money lent, they signed contracts with merchants; they relied on a common currency, and they used checks as well as promissory notes. with the money collected by means of taxation, the government provided the needy with an income. in addition, trading networks covered huge distances, so far regions started to have contact and exchange goods. this trade network covered areas of asia, africa and europe.