Dr. doolittle is the veterinarian at an animal hospital. she is trying to decide whether to perform surgery on a golden retriever. she asks for advice from her two veterinary assistants. she tells one assistant, david, that of the 100 dogs who have had the same surgery, 60 survived. she tells another assistant, loren, that of the 100 dogs who have had the same surgery, 40 died from the surgery. according to research on framing effects, what will the assistants recommend?

In e. c. tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. this experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings.