Hector plays golf every saturday. his wife, alicia, notices that after a winning round, hector tends to play with the kids. after a losing round, he tends to watch television by himself. according to , over time, alicia is likely to conclude that hector’s golf games can exert a causal effect on his behavior at home.

the covariation principle  

Explanation:

Covariance states that when two different factors share a relationship with each other and if one changes, then the other factor should change as well, either negative or positive.

The same is happening with Hector's behavior. If he wins, he plays with kids (one factor), if he loses, he quits playing and watches television (the other factor).

The covariation principle: The Principle explains how we attribute a person's conduct or behavior to either the external causes (the situation) or the internal causes (their disposition).

i think it is the third one.

productive most commonly means: achieving or producing a significant amount or result.

explanation:

productive can also mean:

these depend on how the word productive is used. most likely productive will mean   achieving or producing a significant amount or result.