Managers need to take a scientific approach to solving problems especially when: a. they are dealing with relatively routine and straightforward issues. b. they are faced with sudden decision-making opportunities. c. they feel that their employees’ emotions affect work. d. they encounter situations that require a deep personal understanding.

a. they are dealing with relatively routine and straightforward issues

Explanation:

Managers need to take a scientific approach to solve problems especially when they are dealing with relatively routine and straightforward issues. Managers have to control the day-to-day operations of the workers. It is crucial for managers to control those variables that can be controlled in order to maximize the performance of workers and to achieve the goals in less time. Managers will rely on the observation of facts for decision making.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

because his fleet was much lager than the english fleet. i hope this .