4) these outposts were established in spanish colonies- either along the coast or in remote areas- to spread catholicism among the natives cultures.

Missions

Explanation: the missions had the goal to instruct catholicism among the native cultures. The Spanish king believed that native people behaved like "animals" because they didn't have or know the faith, so it was necessary to make a religious conversion. This system was important because it worked as a medium to teach language, political and economic systems, and "general" knowledge.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.