As working and middle-class families flee inner-city poverty areas, the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos. this phenomenon results in a poverty effect.

poverty concentration effect.

Explanation:

According to my research on different economic class families, I can say that based on the information provided within the question this phenomenon results in a poverty concentration effect. This effect  refers to a spatial density of socio-economic deprivation which can have effects on surrounding neighborhoods that are not classified as "high-poverty," and therefore almost eliminating overall economic potential for the people.

I hope this answered your question. If you have any more questions feel free to ask away at .

answer; /// the answer to the first question is (b) it began when people first deliberately seeds; /// and (d); // it gave people a steady food supple for the first time;

answer; /// i believe the correct answer is (wine) ; /// good luck