Inward-oriented policies
a. promote the production of goods and services that the country produces most efficiently.
b. have generally increased productivity and growth in the countries that pursued them.
c. include imposing tariffs and other trade restrictions.
d. all of the above are correct.

include imposing tariffs and other trade restrictions.

Explanation:

According to author Oskar Kurer “inward-oriented policies” are defined as economic independence or self-reliance by developing countries. According to my research on Kurer's book "The Political Foundations of Development Policies", I can say that based on the information provided within the question “inward-oriented policies” include imposing tariffs and other trade restrictions.

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