Angela has never been a great student, but once she gets into college, it is even harder. she tries reading the book, and does poorly. her instructor encourages her to outline the text as she reads, but she still does poorly. she goes to tutoring, but still is failing. no matter what she does, it does not seem to her do better in class. based on this experience, angela may develop the cognitive risk factor for depression known as

Asociologist wants to study a culture that occurs in some women’s prisons: “state families,” in which individual prisoners take on certain roles within a group of like-minded prisoners. there is previous evidence that younger prisoners will use older inmates who play the roles of grandparents as a resource before they will turn to staff for and advice. the lieutenant in charge of a dorm of long-term prisoners offers to gather volunteers to speak to the researcher and also offers to vouch for the integrity of the researcher. the use of this staff is: a valid use of a statistical technique referred to “snowball sampling” wherein the inclusion of the first subject leads to the recruitment of another one subject. a useful tactic in obtaining a sample of prisoners who both meet the criteria and who will be honest with the researcher. wrong and is prohibited; subject selection needs to be free from intervention by prison authorities or prisoners. acceptable only when the researcher’s irb grants a special waiver.