New towns in europe have been relatively more successful than in the u. s. primarily because:
(a) europeans are more mobile and do not stay put long in one place
(b) racial/class divisions are lacking in european society
(c) europeans have little interest in automobiles
(d) the former were built mostly by the government and not for profit

(D) The former were built mostly by the government and not for profit.

Explanation:

The new towns in Europe that are referred to in the question are a result of the so-called "New towns movement", which consists of a program planned and executed by European governments as an effort to remedy overcrowding and congestion in large, industrialized cities (such as London). This plan took place after World War II, and it provided settlement for scattered citizens after the conflict.

Citizens who were benefited by the New towns movement were put back to  economic stability thanks to their new free-of-charge homes.

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations. social control. not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment.