The results from research have been known to produce harms to members of the sampled population who do not actually participate in the research study. an example of the type of research that could result in group harms by stigmatizing members of the group (even for individuals who do not participate in the research) is:

Texas’ gulf coastal plains are the western extension of the coastal plain extending from the atlantic ocean to beyond the rio grande. its characteristic rolling to hilly surface covered with a heavy growth of pine and hardwoods extends into east texas. in the increasingly arid west, however, its forests become secondary in nature, consisting largely of post oaks and, farther west, prairies and brushlands.